Salvation In Islam As Against Salvation In Christianity Research Paper

Salvation In Islam As Against Salvation In Christianity - Research Paper Example The Answering Islam Organization for example advances the contention that â€Å"Christianity and Islam share a lot of shared opinion. Both follow their underlying foundations to Abraham. Both have confidence in prescience, God's delivery people (messengers), disclosure, sacred writing, the restoration of dead, and the centrality of strict community.† It is likewise fascinating to take note of that with respect to a teaching like salvation, the two religions have the two differences and similitudes. Three Perspectives of Salvation The correlation and withdrawal of salvation in accordance with the two religions along these lines Christianity and Islam will be seen from three significant viewpoints. These are the cause of transgression, the best approach to salvation and the outcomes of salvation. A nitty gritty conversation of the three viewpoints would give a pre-salvation conceptualization, salvation conceptualization and post-salvation conceptualization. On the issue of begin ning of transgression, which in the long run brings to the requirement for salvation, both Christianity and Islam accept that the primary family (Adam and Eve) trespassed against God. The distinction with the two religions anyway is the way that though in Christianity is it accepted that the wrongdoing of Adam and Eve lives on and makes all mankind evil, in this way the requirement for salvation, Islam accepts that the transgression of Adam and Eve were pardoned and that ages from there on bears no judgment of the primary sin. The Answering Islam Organization terms this circumstance as the creativity of wrongdoing. As indicated by the association, â€Å"Christianity instructs that the impacts of unique sin have adulterated the world and the people who exist in it.† â€Å"In Islam, notwithstanding, there is no such an unbelievable marvel as unique sin. The Qur'an does for sure express that Adam and Eve trespassed, yet as indicated by Islamic conviction, they atoned and were c ompletely excused with the goal that their transgression had no repercussions for the remainder of human race.† From the above conversation, it very well may be said that in Islam, the requirement for salvation emerges in light of the fact that different people sin against God and along these lines need His absolution, which is additionally named salvation. The motivation behind why salvation is required is anyway unique with Christianity on the grounds that with the Christian accept, everybody conceived of a lady needs salvation directly from birth since we each acquire the wrongdoings of Adam and Eve. It is along these lines not astounding that in Christianity, great deeds are isolated from being spared. In the Christian setting, on the grounds that every individual goes to the world with certain transgressions, regardless of how liberal or ethically upstanding an individual might be; if the individual doesn't get spared (salvation), their great deeds are not legitimized by God. Decisively, the two religions accept that mankind need salvation however the explanation or requirement for salvation is unique. In the wake of setting up that in Christianity individuals need salvation since they acquire sin yet in Islam individuals need salvation as a result of their own wrongdoing, the inquiry at that point becomes, for reasons unknown that an individual may require salvation, how is salvation conceded in seeing the two religions? On the most proficient method to achieve salvation, there is an unmistakable comparability among the two religions. From the Epistle of James section two, we read; â€Å"What great is it, my siblings, if a man professes to have confidence however has no deeds? Can such confidence spare him (Verse 14)? Similarly, confidence by

Luxury Car Market in India Essay

The Luxury merchandise industry is an exceptionally wide industry containing items from watches, adornments, aromas, costly wines to yachts, costly pens, and garments. Products for which request builds all the more relatively when contrasted with pay, are known as ‘Luxury goods’, as opposed to a â€Å"necessity goods†, for which request increments less relatively to salary. Some rich products are purchased because of the tag suggested of a superficial point of interest, such merchandise will in general connote the buying influence of the individuals who get them. These merchandise are not in every case preferable in quality or appearance over their more affordable substitutes. The fundamental motivation behind buying these products is to show the abundance of their proprietors. The business is supposed to be exceptionally repeating and the main impetus behind the development of this industry is riches around the world, while the financial development and states of different districts influence this industry. Gems has been a piece of the Indian human advancement since old history. They were in style since antiquated developments as Harappa and Mohanjodaro. Made out of practically any material, gems is fundamentally enhanced to feature about anyone part. Be it the conventional gems or the most recent ones which are progressively sought after, I. e. the ensemble and impersonation jewelery. There is no deficiency with regards to complementing the excellence with fluctuated inventive and amazingly structured adornments things. This report has concentrated on extravagance item classifications and gems. The report gives an outline on the size of the market, significance of extravagance merchandise, target advertise, issues confronted and the different driving components just as the most recent patterns. The major worldwide extravagance advertise players have been profiled. Proclamation OF RESEARCH QUESTION? The Indian diamonds and gems segment is likewise to a great extent chaotic at present. There are in excess of 15,000 players the nation over in the gold handling industry, of which just around 80 players have a turnover of over $4. 15 million. I need to assess the issues looked by the adornments area and think of measures to help make the part progressively composed. ?The ascent of the white collar class populace in India is assessed to associate with 120-150 million. Remembering this I need to potray the market capability of extravagance merchandise in India. ?India as a Manufacturing Hub for Global Luxury Brands. I need to contemplate and assess techniques received by significant nations and close the chance of India being the assembling center for worldwide extravagance brands. Hypothetical RATIONAL The approach of outside extravagance brands is in a manner a pointer of the promising India development story. Hoping to procure early mover points of interest, these brands have opened for business in our nation. The Indian extravagance advertise, right now in its development stage needs to address key concerns like the absence of satisfactory retail framework and restricted accessibility of prepared workforce for the exchange on the off chance that it wishes to advance extravagance retail in the nation. The present reality is taking a gander at India, and the items coming out of it. Our abilities pool talks about the most elevated level of craftsmanship and innovativeness as it has advanced and been refined by numerous ages that carry on the exchange. India is additionally all around ready to be a re-appropriating goal for remote extravagance brands. The conspicuous advantages that India brings to the table, for example, low work costs, predominance of textures and customization, gives it a bit of leeway over different mass delivering nations. To accomplish the goal of advancing indigenous brands and situating India as a future assembling center point for extravagance merchandise, union in the business is basic. The need of great importance is for the business players to make a modern plan of action upheld by monetary and legitimate footings, and for the administration to build up the essential framework. India’s extravagance division has increased critical speed. It has the potential and assets, to eclipse other creating economies. Consequently the course is chalked out and the goal is known. On the off chance that the street can be freed from difficulties and obstacles, extravagance retailing in India will have a smooth drive ahead. THE EXPECTED IMPLICATIONS OF THE RESEARCH PROJECT FOR ORGANIZATIONS My examination on extravagance merchandise and adornments is creative on the grounds that it unites investigation of national talks about Indian market with an investigation of the practices and decisions of the Indian government and the extravagance products and gems area. I accept this examination can be useful to the country, advancement offices, and indigenous associations. I am especially dedicated to imparting the consequences of my examination to the Jewelers Association in India and expectation that my work won't simply be an extraction of certainties, however will give them data with which they can help make the division increasingly composed. Fundamental LITERATURE REVIEW Attempting to break into business sectors abroad is commonly more testing than attempting to venture into new household markets. Globalization is the procedure of social, political, monetary, social and mechanical combination among nations around the globe. (Hodgetts/Luthans/Doh, 2006:pg. 7). Proof of development is seen by expanded degrees of exchange, capital streams and movements; a ton of changes in nature have occurred. India is the world’s second most crowded nation; it has generally had too much of political and financial issues. The per capita GDP stays low, yet the ongoing ecological patterns have supported therefore assisting with reinforcing a huge center and high society advertise for merchandise in the extravagance and jwellery industry. The business is ruled by family gem dealers, who establish about 96% of the market. Composed players, for example, Tata with its Tanishq image, have, be that as it may, been becoming consistently cutting a 4% piece of the pie. As India’s adornments showcase develops, it is relied upon to get increasingly sorted out and the portion of family gem specialists is required to decrease. There are in excess of 6,000 players in local precious stone preparing industry. The normal incubation time frame for setting up a precious stone cutting and cleaning unit is 15 months. The low incubation time frame, combined with low capital expense permits simple passage into the segment. This has prompted the business being to a great extent described by countless little scope players. In any case, similarly as on account of gems, the portion of the sorted out segment has expanded altogether as of late because of an expansion sought after for better and better nature of completed merchandise. India Gems and Jewelry Industry †Highlights Jewelry showcase size †$13 billion Diamond adornments †$1. 2 billion Gold gems showcase development year on year †15% Diamond gems advertise development †27% (By bharatbook. com Dated: Jul 24, 2008). As indicated by showcase reports, around 6-7 million Indians can stand to purchase extravagance merchandise yet falter to do as such since they are new to brands and items. With a developing tycoon base in India, the extravagance showcase is developing every year at around 35% CAGR (The Economic Times: August 10, 2008) If India keeps the most recent three years normal development at 9%, the pay levels of purchasers is required to practically significantly increase by 2025. By 2025, it is evaluated that India will turn into the fifth biggest customer advertise, ascending from twelfth biggest today. High extra cash and a to a great extent youthful populace will drive utilization designs upwards. With a tremendous youth people beneath 25 years and having a 17% portion of the world working populace, India presents an enormous market for brands over the range. It is evaluated that 52% of extravagance clients are in the age section of 25-34years old. By 2033, the dynamic age bunch 25-45 years is relied upon to associate with 33% of the populace. With the normal time of potential extravagance buyers diminishing, the nation is a goldmine holding back to be tapped. Given the center qualities of the assembling division, India can all around become an assembling center for worldwide extravagance brands. As of now marks like Louis Vuitton and Frette are taking a gander at India as an assembling base for their items, however there are other people who just source their prerequisites from India. It is evaluated that the assembling of extravagance things in India can develop to US $500 million13. This assembling ability whenever saddled appropriately can drive India as one of the main goals for fabricate. The cost points of interest, especially in the process of giving birth concentrated areas like cowhide and frill add to the benefit of the nation. Extravagance in India To be effective in India, it is both important to measure the money related potential just as the outlook of the Indian extravagance customer. This will help in delivering the correct item contributions to the Indian customer just as focusing on them better. Subjective Insights 1. As indicated by an investigation by American Express, ‘Inside the Affluent Space’, the mentality of the Indian buyer is a longing to demonstrate that â€Å"I’ve Made It†. This can be identified with the extravagance arrangement which depends on the way that extravagance is viewed as a prize, both for accomplishments in life just as exhibiting these accomplishments to other people. 2. The Luxury Marketing Council Worldwide has set up a part in India, with the point of advancing extravagance in India. Their assignment will likewise be to assemble cooperative energy between different extravagance brands inspired by India by method of sharing of customer bits of knowledge just as best practices. 3. Indeed, even the Asian area isn't uniform in its inclination for extravagance as far as need satisfaction. Accordingly, it gets essential to portray the requirements of the Indian shopper from the other Asian areas to target them better. This plan picks up significance on the grounds that numerous Indians take a gander at obtaining extravagance from spots, for example, Hong Kong, Tokya, China and so forth. Eg. It is intriguing to take note of that Singapore buyers are a greater amount of specialists contrasted with Hong Kong purchasers who need Talk-Value from their extravagance products. 4. Hindustan Times has

Martin Luther King and Malcolm X

Martin Luther King Junior and Malcolm X were key figures who stood out forever of the United States because of their phenomenal endeavors in battling for social liberties and end of bigotry in America. Every one of them had an alternate strategy and perspective on battling against the social treacheries against the blacks. Martin Luther King was a Christian, while Malcolm X was a Muslim, that is the reason their perspectives depended on their strict foundations, and the manner in which they had been raised by their parents.Advertising We will compose a custom paper test on Martin Luther King and Malcolm X explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Martin Luther King started from a common class family, therefore he was an informed individual, while Malcolm X had been raised from a modest foundation, which made him drop out of school and participate in drugs. Martin Luther King Jr. had a quiet methodology towards battling against social shameful acts as he accepted that the y could be destroyed through a discourse. Despite what might be expected, Malcolm X had an alternate view, which could be followed back to his childhood. He gained an unpleasant mentality towards the whites who he accepted were the wellspring of his issues. While Martin Luther King demanded peaceful obstruction or integrationist theory, Malcolm X had a solid have confidence in patriot and nonconformist precepts. Their methods of reasoning brought about shaping differentiating sees in the people’s minds as far as reasonableness. Martin Luther King’s reasoning of peacefulness spoke to Americans of the 1960’s the most. Martin Luther King’s reasoning of dealing with the social treacheries was planned for uniting blacks and whites as an association. This teaching had six fundamental standards, which guided it. One of them expressed that peaceful protestors ought not ruin the adversaries yet rather search for their comprehension and kinship. He had a solid acce pt that the best way to conquer a villain was by become friends with him. Battling, as indicated by his view, couldn't take care of the issue yet would heighten scorn between the two gatherings. Savagery may kill the killer, however it would not kill the homicide itself; it could execute the liar, yet it would not dispense with untruth, and viciousness may kill the unscrupulous individual, yet not untruthfulness (King, â€Å"I Have a Dream Speech†). Brutality will never be an exit plan as it will just escalate the issue. Malcolm X trusted in the precept of partition as an answer for social shameful acts. In his discourse, he said that by working independently, the earnest white individuals and true dark individuals would really be cooperating. He announced, â€Å"Let the earnest whites proceed to instruct peacefulness to white people† (Malcolm X â€Å"The Homecoming Rally of the OAAU†). He further put more accentuation on the principle of division by saying that when cash was removed from the area in which one lived, the area wherein an individual contributed his/her cash got wealthier and wealthier (Malcolm X â€Å"The Homecoming Rally of the OAAU†).Advertising Looking for paper on african american? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Therefore, all together for the blacks to control their economy, cash ought to be spent inside the area. Besides, as indicated by Malcolm X, discourse was not the answer for the treacheries on the grounds that the adversary would not hear what you were stating. He said that, ‘You know you can’t impart in the event that one man is communicating in French and the other is communicating in German, his language is brutality’ (Malcolm X â€Å"The Homecoming Rally of the OAAU†). He even upheld for various organizations for the Afro-Americans (Malcolm X â€Å"The Homecoming Rally of the OAAU†). He saw the best way to know the enemy’s language was by contemplating his history. Theory of peacefulness pushed by Martin Luther King Junior depended on another guideline expressing that peaceful opposition was attitude to attempt enduring without vindicating. He accepted that one day he would see blacks and whites together. â€Å"Let us walk on isolated schools until each remnant of isolation and sub-par training turns into a relic of times gone by and Negroes and whites study one next to the other in the socially mending of the classroom† (King, â€Å"Our God is Marching On†). In his discourse â€Å"I Have a Dream† he said that, â€Å"I have a fantasy that my four kids will one day live in a country where they won't be decided by the shade of their skin however by their character’ (King). He additionally had a solid confidence in accomplishment of opportunity without viciousness. In spite of the fact that Malcolm X didn't support viciousness, he had a solid complaint rega rding the matter of peacefulness reasoning on the blacks. In his â€Å"Interview with Young Socialist Alliance Leaders†, he said that, â€Å"nonviolence is just lectured dark Americans and I don’t oblige any individual who needs to show our kin peacefulness until somebody simultaneously is showing our foe to be nonviolent† (Malcolm). As per him, this could possibly work in the event that it was finished by the two gatherings. The way of thinking of peacefulness by Martin Luther King Junior was the most reasonable for this case. His technique for tending to social issues was not one-sided. He took a gander at the two sides similarly, and he realized that regardless of whether they turned to savagery, the blacks would be dwarfed by the whites. † The Negro would confront the equivalent unaltered conditions, a similar dirtiness and hardship †the main contrast being that sharpness would be more intense† (King â€Å"Our God is Marching On†). In contrast with Malcolm’s nonconformist way of thinking, the King’s one would be best since it pushed for bringing the warring gatherings together.Advertising We will compose a custom article test on Martin Luther King and Malcolm X explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Malcolm X introduced his contentions for the Negros (Malcolm X â€Å"Twenty Million Black People in Political, Economic and Mental Prison†). Accordingly, the hole between them turned out to be considerably more extensive. Martin Luther King delivered a feeling that he was serene and hopeful while a large portion of his addresses supported the soul of fellowship among blacks and whites. Works Cited King, Martin Luther. â€Å"I Have a Dream Speechâ€Å", the Lincoln Memorial, Washington D.C. 28 Aug. 1963. Web. Lord, Martin Luther. â€Å"Our God is Marching On.† Montgomery, Alabama. 21 Mar. 1965. Web. Malcolm X. â€Å"Interview with Young Socialist Alliance Leaders.† 18 Jan. 1965. Web. Malcolm X. â€Å"The Homecoming Rally of the OAAU.† New York. 29 Nov. 1964. Keynote Address. Malcolm X. â€Å"Twenty Million Black People in Political, Economic and Mental Prison.† Michigan State University, 23 Jan. 1963. Keynote Speech. This exposition on Martin Luther King and Malcolm X was composed and presented by client Gregory Mclean to help you with your own investigations. You are allowed to utilize it for research and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; be that as it may, you should refer to it in like manner. You can give your paper here.

DETECTION OF ANTIVIRAL ANTIBODIES IN SERUM USING AN ELISA TECHNIQUE Essay

Discovery OF ANTIVIRAL ANTIBODIES IN SERUM USING AN ELISA TECHNIQUE - Essay Example These immunoglobulins are of five kinds and they are diverse dependent on size, charge, amino corrosive sythesis and starch content. the class and the kind of immunoglobulin atom is dictated by the substantial chain type. There are two light chains and two substantial chains. There are C and N-terminal in the substantial chains. (Crowther 1995). The N-terminals of the IgG establish the antigen - restricting site. People can get impervious to numerous irresistible ailments by dynamic or aloof vaccination. The helpful impacts of the vaccination are interceded by the antibodies and the impact of inoculation is intervened by the immunoassays. (Crowther 2001). The estimation of the antigen and counter acting agent by utilizing touchy measures are the valuable pointers of the safe status. At the point when an irresistible specialist enters the human body, the segment is recognized as the remote molecule and antibodies are delivered against them. These antibodies associate with the antigens and diminish the heap. (Edwards 1999). The immunoassay strategy recognizes the antigens, antigen - particles present in the blood and give the outcomes. Every immune response is explicit for an antigen. ELISA is fundamentally of two sorts: serious and non-serious ELISA. ELISA includes two site acknowledgment with two unique antibodies (i.e.) a circuitous estimation. Serious ELISA is not quite the same as the sandwich ELISA and aberrant ELISA. In the initial step the unlabelled immune response is brooded on the nearness of the antigen. This antigen-immune response limited is added to the antigen-covered well. The plate is washed and the second counter acting agent explicit to the essential immunizer is included and the subsequent neutralizer is coupled to the protein. At the point when the substrate is included, the sign is transmitted by the rest of the compound. In this ELISA, on the off chance that the antigen focus is high, at that point the sign will be powerless. This techniqu e is predominantly used to test the debased and rough examples. This technique is helpful for the recognition of HIV. For HIV conclusion, the patient's example and the compound marked neutralizer (conjugate) is added all the while to the strong stage. HIV antibodies, if present stuck the example will sticky situation to the conjugate immune response and lessen the sign. Along these lines on the off chance that the shading response is created, at that point it demonstrates that there are no HIV antibodies in the given example. Uses of ELISA incorporate screening of the gave blood for viral defilements( HIV types, Hepatitis B and C, HTLV-1 and 2), estimating the hormone levels( pregnancy(HCG), ovulation( LH), thyroid capacity ( TSH, T3 and T4), anabolic steroids, hormones), identifying contaminations( HIV, syphilis, chlamydia, gondii), distinguishing allergens in nourishments and poisons in food sources, estimating the convergence of the antibodies and recognizing unlawful medications ( cocaine, sedatives, maryjane, and so forth.), estimating auto antibodies in immune system infections and estimating rheumatoid components . (Sheehan 1997). (Wreghitt and Morgan-Capner 1990). Rule When an immunizer is connected to the protein and permitted to respond with the immobilized antigen, antigen-counter acting agent response happens. This is recognized by the creation of shading by the substrate compound response. The antigen is immobilized in either a microtiter plate or on nitrocellulose layer. A protein marked counter acting agent is included overabundance to the framework and these ties to the immobilized antigen. Abundance immune response is evacuated by washing and the substrate explicit for the

Quad Life

Quad Life I was confused when I was put into a room with three strangers at the beginning of this year. Two of the girls I had heard about in a very roundabout way, and the third I approached awkwardly when everyone had already paired up for their room assignments within Baker. Want to be my roommate? Yeah, sure. Liz and I filled out our rooming forms together single sided sheets of paper with prompts like Who do you want to live with? and Tell us something funny, we read a lot of these! It seemed to go pretty smoothly until she brought up that she would be waking up for crew practice diligently at 6am every day. Crap. Not my ideal start to the year. A lot of people wonder what its like living in a quad four girls in a glorious 500-something square foot room furnished with two sinks, huge windows facing the river, and just enough space to house our joint collection of shoes, sweaters, shampoo and study fuel (AKA our weight in ramen and hello panda) and its not easy to describe. (For those of you worried about getting put in a quad, there are only 10 on campus, all located in Baker House. Dont sweat it!) The year got off to a rocky start. I never quite recovered from Nicole claiming the first bed with a bag of grapes turns out they werent even hers or realizing that at any point in time, someone in our room was rustling and some degree of awake. You might ask how weve made it so far into the year without any issues, and all I can say is that we figured out how to be friends. Fancy that! Our room is best described by the little signs that we leave that weve learned to read throughout the year. We know that someones had a bad day when theres the faithful five ounce bag of honey barbeque Fritos in our trash can that someone grabbed at LaVerdes on the way back from class. We know that when we try not to turn on the lights and end up walking into rain boots, a swiffer, an iron pot, a laundry basket, two chairs and a lamp, all we really want to do is fall into bed and sleep and were sorry that we made more noise than a street drummer. And we know that even after our good days, all we want to do is eat dinner at 5:30 on the dot because we missed lunch and we cant wait to order sweet potato fries and indulge in an occasional 0% fruit juice beverage of our choice (okay, its HI-C, I admit it!) Before the 8.01 final last fall from the left, me, Nicole, and Anji looking particularly cheery And were happy when were all in the room so we can laugh at bad YouTube videos, whatshouldtimcallme.tumblr.com, get ready to go out at night, or just stay in to karaoke at the top of our lungs and paint our nails. Our weeks start with a collective sigh Monday morning, and by the time our psets are finished by Friday we perk up and get ready for the weekend! Together were good at solving life problems, boy problems, and differential equation problems. In the past 8 months weve constructed a little home and a little family. Ill omit pictures of our room because it looks like we took four model room sets from Target, tetrised them all into a funny shaped brick room, and then transported the toiletries and school supplies section of Walmart and scattered it on our beds, tables, shelves and floors oops. Dressed up with Anji and Liz for winter fraternity formals (left) and with Liz for spring fraternity formals (right)! And for all the accidental wake-ups, stuff everywhere, running around the room late for class, Im sure as hell going to miss what we have in Baker 446. My wall one of the few orderly things in our room Good thing were living in doubles in Baker next to each other next year! :) Thanks Liz, Nicole and Anji for an amazing year. You guys are the best roommates I ever couldve asked for, and then some.

Quad Life

Quad Life I was confused when I was put into a room with three strangers at the beginning of this year. Two of the girls I had heard about in a very roundabout way, and the third I approached awkwardly when everyone had already paired up for their room assignments within Baker. Want to be my roommate? Yeah, sure. Liz and I filled out our rooming forms together single sided sheets of paper with prompts like Who do you want to live with? and Tell us something funny, we read a lot of these! It seemed to go pretty smoothly until she brought up that she would be waking up for crew practice diligently at 6am every day. Crap. Not my ideal start to the year. A lot of people wonder what its like living in a quad four girls in a glorious 500-something square foot room furnished with two sinks, huge windows facing the river, and just enough space to house our joint collection of shoes, sweaters, shampoo and study fuel (AKA our weight in ramen and hello panda) and its not easy to describe. (For those of you worried about getting put in a quad, there are only 10 on campus, all located in Baker House. Dont sweat it!) The year got off to a rocky start. I never quite recovered from Nicole claiming the first bed with a bag of grapes turns out they werent even hers or realizing that at any point in time, someone in our room was rustling and some degree of awake. You might ask how weve made it so far into the year without any issues, and all I can say is that we figured out how to be friends. Fancy that! Our room is best described by the little signs that we leave that weve learned to read throughout the year. We know that someones had a bad day when theres the faithful five ounce bag of honey barbeque Fritos in our trash can that someone grabbed at LaVerdes on the way back from class. We know that when we try not to turn on the lights and end up walking into rain boots, a swiffer, an iron pot, a laundry basket, two chairs and a lamp, all we really want to do is fall into bed and sleep and were sorry that we made more noise than a street drummer. And we know that even after our good days, all we want to do is eat dinner at 5:30 on the dot because we missed lunch and we cant wait to order sweet potato fries and indulge in an occasional 0% fruit juice beverage of our choice (okay, its HI-C, I admit it!) Before the 8.01 final last fall from the left, me, Nicole, and Anji looking particularly cheery And were happy when were all in the room so we can laugh at bad YouTube videos, whatshouldtimcallme.tumblr.com, get ready to go out at night, or just stay in to karaoke at the top of our lungs and paint our nails. Our weeks start with a collective sigh Monday morning, and by the time our psets are finished by Friday we perk up and get ready for the weekend! Together were good at solving life problems, boy problems, and differential equation problems. In the past 8 months weve constructed a little home and a little family. Ill omit pictures of our room because it looks like we took four model room sets from Target, tetrised them all into a funny shaped brick room, and then transported the toiletries and school supplies section of Walmart and scattered it on our beds, tables, shelves and floors oops. Dressed up with Anji and Liz for winter fraternity formals (left) and with Liz for spring fraternity formals (right)! And for all the accidental wake-ups, stuff everywhere, running around the room late for class, Im sure as hell going to miss what we have in Baker 446. My wall one of the few orderly things in our room Good thing were living in doubles in Baker next to each other next year! :) Thanks Liz, Nicole and Anji for an amazing year. You guys are the best roommates I ever couldve asked for, and then some.

The Impact of Engineering Innovations in Medicine - 1100 Words

The Impact of Engineering Innovations in Medicine (Research Paper Sample) Content: THE IMPACT OF ENGINEERING INNOVATIONS IN MEDICINEby (Name)CourseInstructorUniversity10 June 2017The Impact of Engineering Innovations in MedicineThis essay discusses the role of engineering innovations in near-term transformations of the medical field. Engineering is a multi-disciplinary field and cannot be restricted to its more familiar aspects such as chemical, civil, electrical and mechanical engineering. The essay explores several other interdisciplinary subjects derived from the extension of engineering concepts to healthcare applications. These sub-disciplines are micro-technology, nanotechnology, neuro-engineering, and 3D bio-printing. More specifically, the impact of novel engineering applications for healthcare purposes is evaluated based on their impact in the field of medicine over the next five years. Finally, the essay closes with a re-statement of the developments in engineering that are assessed to transform medicine.Microtechnology and NanotechnologyE xamples of the evolution in engineering that promise to lead to near-term improvements in health care outcomes are microtechnology and nanotechnology. While each of these terms reflects the manipulation of material at miniaturized levels, they have meaningful differences in definition. For instance, microtechnology refers to the manipulation of materials at the micrometer scale (Albers, Deigendesch, Turki and Mller, 2010) while Nanotechnology refers to the manipulation of quantum-realm scale, that is, at the atomic, molecular, and supramolecular level (Arora et al., 2014). Nonetheless, miniaturization is a firmly mechanical engineering concept that has found use in healthcare applications (Albers, Deigendesch, Turki and Mller, 2010).Microtechnology has led to the development of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) embedded in medical devices such as blood pressure sensors, stents, and bio-sensors. Over the next five years, applications of innovations in microtechnology will lead to development of Bio-MEMS in microneedles, microsurgical tools, microfluidics, medical implants, and tissue engineering (Kim, Park and Prausnitz, 2012; Chung, Lee, Khademhosseini and Lee, 2012; Volpatti and Yetisen, 2014; Ranamukhaarachchi et al., 2016). Between 2018 and 2021, the BioMEMS market will grow to a US$6.6 to US$7.6 billion market (Mounier, Troadec, Girardin and Mouly, 2016). In particular, BioMEMS technology has been incorporated into lab-on-a-chip devices that integrate laboratory experiments into single chips, substantially lowering the costs of laboratory tests and improving diagnostic outcomes.Nanotechnology has been behind the deployment of nanobots for enhanced drug delivery. Nanorobots for drug delivery are a very particular application of nanotechnology and, while they may appear far-fetched, are already in use. For instance, research findings published in 2012 regarding the use of nanorobots in cancer therapy developed rapidly to human trials in 2015 (Douglas, B achelet, and Church, 2012; Leukemia Research Foundation, 2014; Amir, Abu-Horowitz and Bachelet, 2015; Wang, 2015). These advancements in miniaturization promise to increase access to healthcare and reduce errors in diagnosis and treatment (Owen et al., 2014).Neural EngineeringAnother area where innovations in engineering will improve healthcare over the next five years is in neural engineering or neuro-engineerings. A dramatically new sub-specialty within the field of biomedical engineering, neuro-engineering promises radical improvements in the repair, enhancement, and replacement of neural systems (He et al., 2013; Klein et al., 2015). This field is concerned with how neural systems can interact with and augment artificial devices. Engineering principles are essential to modeling synaptic transmission and in the design of neural code generators (Dubreuil, Amit, and Brunel, 2014; Gallivan and Culham, 2015). Immediately recognizable examples of solutions utilizing these engineering concepts include prosthetics responsive to human thought. Other applications include electrocorticography for safer and non-invasive implants (ECoG) (Lebedev and Nicolelis, 2017), neural networks for modeling mental disorders (Markram, 2014), deep-brain stimulation (DBS) to treat Parkinsons diseases (Schuepbach et al., 2013), among much more.Neuro-prosthetics, however, provide directly demonstrable benefits and deserve additional commentary. The human nervous system is, on the whole, a system of circuits that rely on switches to transmit neural signals from point to point (Kiernan and Rajakumar, 2013). This biological system is based on genetic proteins at the cellular and molecular levels. However, the system has mechanics that make it modelable through electrical engineering principles (Muller et al., 2015). Innovations in modeling these bio-electrical mechanics have enabled development of far responsive and non-invasive prosthetics for amputees. Take for instance the DEKA Arm Sys tem (Borgia, Latlief, Sasson and Smurr-Walters, 2014; Resnik, Klinger and Etter, 2014). The prosthetic arm system was the very first neuro-prosthetic to receive FDA approval in 2014 as part of a larger federal-funded prosthetic arm program. Hancock et al. (2016) document improved the quality of life and functional measures for amputees selecting to receive the system. Deployment of this high-performing and reliable particular arm system relies especially on advances in precision amplifier technology, which, in turn, rely on electrical engineering principles. Over the next five years, these cortical prosthetics and other neuro-engineering technologies will restore autonomy to amputees and patients with neuromuscular injuries (Chan et al., 2012).3D Bio-printingAnother perhaps, even more, innovation in 3D bio-printing or bimolecular printing. Once again, perfecting the application of 3D printing at a cellular and molecular level requires understanding the principles of shape dispositio n and multi-material micro casting. Due to the difficulties in achieving successful cellular printing, 3D bio-printing is a very recent development, with the very first patent for this process was granted in the United States as recently as 2006 (Doyle, 2014; Chia and Wu, 2015). In fact, the inaugural production platform for 3D printed biomaterial, the NovoGen MMX Bio-printer, was unveiled in 2009 (Ozbolat and Yu, 2013). Due to this recency, the field also goes by several other terms including computer-aided tissue engineering and organ printing.However, the technology holds great promise. The technology has been used to print tissue models for pharmaceutical testing, organ models as biomedical templates, and implants for regenerative medicine. Already, several researchers report having successfully printed human organs such as the human liver, ear cartilage, and miniature renal tissue (Singh, Ahmed, and Abhilash, 2015; Wang et al., 2016). Applications of these biodegradable tissue analogs are a decade or so away (Ozbolat and Yu, 2013). Immediate utility of this technology, however, is realizable in drug testing and screening and as templates for physiological experiments and cell culture. King, Presnell, and Nguyen (2014) report the superior performance of a 3D bio printed human breast disease model for the screening of chemotherapeutic drugs. Kucukgul et al. (2015) demonstrate the utility of 3D bioprinting in generating a biomimetic cardiovascular disease model. Over the next several years, use of these physiologically relevant in vivo-like systems will lead to efficient, cheaper, and accurate drug development.ConclusionEngineering is, by definition, an interdisciplinary domain with various extensions in different fields. The expansion of engineering innovations into health care applications is, therefore, poised to intensify and deliver greater patient safety and therapy outcomes. This essay has highlighted the areas where these two disciplines intersect. A lso, the essay has provided an examination of what this intersection means for health care over the next five years. As already stated, physicians and patients stand to benefit significantly from engineering innovations. Indeed, these innovations enable doctors to deploy a greater variety of solutions during disease treatment and management. Therefore, physicians that embrace an inter-disciplinary approach involving health care professionals and engineers stand an even better chance of achieving better treatment outcomes. In concussion, as the two disciplines continue to evolve, professionals should be encouraged to foster accelerated information exchange.ReferencesAlbers, A., Deigendesch, T., Turki, T. and Mller, T., 2010. Patterns for design in microtechnology.Microsystem Technologies,16(8-9), pp.1537-1545.Amir, Y., Abu-Horowitz, A. and Bachelet, I., 2015. Folding and Characterization of a Bio-responsive Robot from DNA Origami. JoVE (Journal of Visualized Experiments), (106), pp.e 51272-e51272.Arora, S.K., Youtie, J., Carley, S., Porter, A.L. and Shapira, P., 2014. Measuring the development of a common scientific lexicon in nanotechnology. Journal of nanoparticle research, 16(1), p.2194.Borgia, M., Latlief, G., Sasson, N. and Smurr-Walters, L., 2014. Self-reported and performance-based outcomes using DEKA Arm.Journal of rehabilitation research and development,51(3), p.351.Chan, M., Estve, D., Fourniols, J.Y., Escriba, C. and Campo, E., 2012. Smart wearable systems: Current status and future challenges.Artificial intelligence in medicine,56(3), pp.137-156.Chia, H.N. and Wu, B.M., 2015. Recent advances in 3D printing of biomaterials.Journal of biological engineering,9(1), p.4.Chung, B.G., Lee, K.H., Khademhosseini, A. and Lee, S.H., 2012. Microfluidic fabrication of microengineered hydrogels and their ...

Bordwell Thompson and Smith Story - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 1049 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2019/03/19 Category Art Essay Level High school Tags: Film Analysis Essay Did you like this example? Abstract These scenes convey the viewers; vision has to be shared to find that person with similar vision to fulfill the dream. As Bordwell, Thompson, and Smith write, the filmmaker use rhythm in sound and image often to coordinate the visible movement and sound closely (282). When Carl and Ellie get married, montages of the scene only 5 to 10 second in length are strung together to show their life together in fast-forward. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Bordwell Thompson and Smith Story" essay for you Create order The music is bright and cheerful with a lively tempo when they get married, but in the end, when Ellie dies, the music slows down significantly, even going down an octave from the usual. The music holds this scene together because it tells us nothing new is happening and we are still watching the couple grow up together. Without the music, the viewer would take a few seconds to think about and analyze the new scene and what it was about. Whereas music helps to interpret the visual movement, building the romantic relationship effectively and understandable to the viewers. The mise-en-scene takes place when the Ellie have miscarriage and music get slowed down. The director uses backlighting in this scene to project the picture in the background and connect with Ellie miscarriage situation. Direction of light shows the picture of a baby in the womb that emphasizes the situation of Ellie miscarriage, which informs the viewers they are not going to have a baby. These situations convey the audience; in life, there will be a difficult situation and sad moment to go through. As Bordwell, Thompson, and Smith write, the sound from the previous scene tells the viewers in the image is already presenting the next scene (298). In Up, the sound begins to slow down in Ellie miscarriage scene; sound informs the viewer in the image that they are disappointed and sad for miscarriage. The music also informs the audience that they will spend sad and emotional situation until their new hope grows. The filmmaker uses adventure books to remind the Ellie, their dream, place their house beside the paradise fall. In the scene, when Carl shows adventure book to Ellie, the sound goes up, and the image shift from sad to excite moment. The sound helps to create visual moment excite and hopeful, shifting the tragedy of miscarriage to a happy moment. Carl understands how Ellie quite moment and handle her through a difficult situation and bring her in excitement. This scene shows their love for each other and how strong relationship they have. This sound design helps to understand the visual image of emotional, sad and excite moment. These scenes convey the audience that difficult situation can make use emotional and sad, but also bring hope and remind us of the dream that we have to fulfill. Love also helps each other to maintain the situation and empower one another to stay focused on dreams. As Bordwell, Thompson, and Smith write, the temporal editing control the time of the action presented in repeating elements and contribute the manipulation of story time (226). In Up, Ellie makes the Carl tie continuously. This scene builds temporal editing when Ellie make Carl ties, each time she makes Carl ties the time is passing continuously. The duration of this scene is temporary and shifts the visual movement of young married life to elderly portion. This scene conveys the viewer even the time went by, the relationship between husband and wife will remain romantic. In Up, the director uses the technique of mise-en-scene in Ellie funeral scene. In this scene, sad music and color scheme and church is dark and Carl is sad and grieving. This scene interprets the feeling of isolation moment from the wife. As Bordwell, Thompson, and Smith write, filmmakers use genre iconography from a symbolic image to carry meaning from scene to scene (330). The director uses casket, balloons, and darkness in Ellie funeral to shows all the romantic relationship they had spent has vanished and life will be full of darkness and isolate. Furthermore, the director use iconography in-house takes off a scene. In this scene, we see the happy moment, bright, vivid colors and hear the exciting music. Balloons, blue sky, wallpaper of the house reminds us the Carl and Ellie romantic relationship and adventures dream. The scene informs the viewers that Carl is free and excites to have gain adventures experience. It makes us feel that he is now going to fulfill his promise that he gave to Ellie, to park their house beside the paradise fall. As Bordwell, Thomson, and Smith write, the fidelity refers tan o the extent which the sound is faithful to the source as we conceive it (284). In Up, the fidelity is used when the house with balloons is caught in a huge thunderstorm; ta he music is loud, frightening and fast, with a panic-inducing feel to it. The film shows the thunderstorm with the fast wind, and we hear the thundering and fast windstorm noise, that sound is faithful to its source; the sound maintains fidelity. In a take-off a scene, the fidelity is used when Carl takes off his house with many balloons. Each sound effect in the scene shows us what happens in the visual and sound is maintaining its fidelity. As Bordwell, Thomson, and Smith write, rhythmic audio stimuli can provoke visual attention (281). In the scene, when the Carl house trap in thundering and windstorm, the rapid change of tempos, key, and rhythm add to feel that everything is happening fast and draw us to the attention to the visual. The director uses Sound design in the film to visualize an image, and it helps to understand the situation in particular. In up, Carl runs as fast as he can through the jungle towing Russell along and he is eager to get rid of the two disruptive creatures. In this scene, the music is energetic and fast along the image also moving fast to catch up the fast music. These scenes interpret Carl is hurried and did not want to get distractive by two creatures to reach his destination, Paradise fall. The continuity editing also takes place in this scene, when they are running away from two creatures, Kevin and Dug. The music and image are flowing in rhythm when they are running away from the two creatures.

The Starbucks Diaries Discovering And Interpreting The...

Shayeree Chakraborty Ms. Wafa Hamid American Literature 8 October 2014  ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬___________________________________________________________________________ The Starbucks Diaries: Discovering and Interpreting The Cold War between Walt Whitman and Sherman Alexie One of the most interesting dynamics of any cold war is perhaps its very existence, as difficult to point out as its predicament. The very idea of war associates itself with a certain traditional idea of glory but in the case of cold warfare, this glory is subtle: show of confidence and force is a matter of pride in war, but when served cold, the ‘show’ must be missing in action. As Martin McCauley says in Russia, America and The Cold War, cold warfare is nothing but a state of conflict between nations without direct military or political action but pursued primarily through the use of proxy wars waged by surrogates. Going by this definition, it would be interesting to look at the poetry of Walt Whitman and his â€Å"successor† Sherman Alexie, as embodying the very spirit of cold warfare. The reason why I very carefully and deliberately use the term â€Å"successor† is to denote the common themes of nativity, belonging and culture that the two great poet s talk about. Although Alexie is openly appreciative of his predecessor, both are, strangely enough, two different nations within a nation; both are inherently political and both somehow embody a â€Å"struggle-for-the-microphone†: a term I shall

Effect of Corporate Governance elements on CSR Disclosure - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1553 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? Introduction This chapter analyses the methodology for conducting research which has the objective to know whether the structure of corporate governance has an effect on CSR disclosure. Furthermore it attempts to undertake an in-depth analysis of CG and CSR disclosure and the need to draw a framework to develop and implement such system within a business which will promote CSR disclosure. It will also discuss the type of research to be carried out for this research. For the purpose of this study, several hypotheses based on the literature review will be developed. The research will be intensively based on the collection of secondary data and analysis of the data. The major reliance of the research design is collection of secondary data through annual report for the year 2009-10 and companys websites. Finally multiple regressions analysis will be used to find the relationship between CSR disclosure and the corporate governance structure. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Effect of Corporate Governance elements on CSR Disclosure" essay for you Create order Research design Hypothesis Development The hypothesis that will be developed will take into consideration the relationship between CSR disclosure and the independent variables, namely the board size, board independence, duality, managerial ownership and foreign ownership after statistically controlling the effects of a firms size and the profitability of the companies. Hypothesis 1: The greater the board size, the lower the level of CSR disclosure. When looking back at previous researches, it comes to be known that small boards have less managerial conflicts. Therefore when there are fewer conflicts between management, the quality of financial disclosure will be enhanced and more attention is put in CSR disclosure. Hypothesis 2: There is a positive relationship between proportion of independent directors and the level of CSR disclosure. In a study done by Webb, it was found that socially responsible firms have more independent directors as the latter has the objective to safeguard the interest of its shareholders and enhance the image of the business. Hence companies with more independent directors will undertake more social responsibilities, leading to an increase in CSR disclosure. Hypothesis 3: Companies, which having CEO Duality, are more likely to have a lower extent of CSR disclosure. When there is CEO duality in a business, it results in situation whereby a person has more control than the board on the business. In this condition the person will prefer to improve quality of the business rather maximizing shareholders wealth. Hence when focusing on the improvement of business quality, there will less social activities and consequently less CSR disclosure. Hypothesis 4: There is a positive relationship between proportion of independent non-executive directors sit in audit committee and the level of CSR disclosure ownership concentration and corporate social disclosure. Audit Committee and its composition play a vital role in reporting of financial and non financial information. According to Mauritian Code of Corporate Governance (First Edition, Revise April 2004), the board should establish an audit committee with majority of independent directors. As mentioned above independent directors are more concerned with maximizing shareholders wealth, thus they will try to make maximum of disclosures which will be beneficial to the shareholders. Hypothesis 5: There is a negative relationship between the proportions of shares held by executives directors with the extent of corporate social disclosure. According to the agency theory, conflicts arise between shareholders and managers when the latter holds equity in the business as managers can take opportunity of the situation. However previous studies have shown that this conflict can be reduced when management holds more equity and it motivates managers to make more disclosures as creating a good image of the business will be beneficial to them. Hypothesis 6: There is a positive relationship between the proportions of shares held by foreign ownership with the extent of corporate social disclosure. Previous studies revealed that corporate social disclosures in Mauritius are still generally low. If a company has more contact with foreign stakeholders through ownership and trade, it may be encouraged more to adopt the GRI Guidelines and disclose CSR and this help to attract more investors. Conversely, if a company keeps closer ties with its domestic partners, it may be more reluctant to adopt the product of the Western concept, or simply less conscious of it (Granovetter 1973). Internationally competitive industries seem to be much better able to innovate in response to environmental regulation (Porter and van der Linde 1995: 108; Chapple et al. 2001). The Sample The initial sample was the listed companies on the Stock Exchange of Mauritius which consists of 47 companies for the year ended 2010. Then the stratified sampling was used to determine the final sample size. Out of 47 companies, only 35 companies were used to represent the final sample. The twelve companies excluded were those that did not have a website whereby they could make additional CSR disclosure. The sample consists of both financial and non financial companies. The study will be based on secondary data which will be collected from annual reports and companies websites. The annual reports of selected companies will be examined after being collected from the different companies or downloaded from their respective official web sites. Dependent Variables For this thesis, the content analysis was used that is a method of codifying the text or content of a report and this will depend on the selection criteria (Weber, 1988). In fact content analysis has been used extensively in researches about CSR reporting research (Abbot and Monsen, 1979; Ernst Ernst, 1976; Guthrie and Matthews, 1985; Haniffa and Cooke, 2005). Content analysis has been defined by Abbot and Monsen (1979) as: A technique for gathering data that consists of codifying qualitative information in subjective and literary form into categories in order to derive quantitative scales of varying levels of complexity. When considering past studies, predominantly the studies done by Ernst and Whinney (1978), Hackstone and Mine (1996), Haniffaa and Cooke (2005), the disclosed items were classified into five categories which were environmental, community involvement, human resource/employee information, product and energy. The CSR disclosure items were extracted from annual report and companies websites. The CSR disclosure index was constructed after combining both CSR disclosure items disclosed in annual report and companies websites. The CSR disclosure index (number of disclosures made by companies) was developed by adding all the items covering the five themes, which were environment, community, human resource, energy and product. This CSDI was developed by using the dichotomous, which the scores of 1, if the company disclose the items and 0, if it is not. The process will add all the scores and equally weighted. Independent Variables The independent variables which were considered in this study are as follows along with their description: Independent Variables Description Board size Numbers of directors sit on the board Board Independence Percentage of non-executive directors to total directors Duality A dichotomous variable will be used for the presence of dual leadership, where it will take the value of 1 if the CEO is also the Chairman of the board, and 0 otherwise Audit Committee Independence Percentages of non-executive directors to total of directors sitting on audit committee Managerial Ownership Percentage of shares owned by executive directors to total number of shares issued Foreign Ownership Percentage of shares owned by foreign shareholders to total number of shares issued Control Variables Two control variables were used in this study and they are: Firms size i.e. total assets and Profitability i.e. returns on assets and return on assets. These two variables has been extensively been used by past researchers in their study. The motive behind using these two variables is that it will enhance the relationship between corporate governance and CSR disclosure. This study will use total assets as a substitute to firms size and ROE as a measurement for profitability. These variables have been used by other researches (Hackston and Milne, 1996; Ho and Wong, 2001; Eng and Mak, 2003; Barnea and Rubins, 2004; Eng and Mak, 2003; Mohd Nasir and Abdullah, 2004; Haniffa and Cooke, 2005) as well while doing their research in CSR reporting. Analysis of Data The data that was collected in this research was examined using hierarchical regression method to know the effect of corporate governance structure on CSR disclosure index and the independent variables. Two models of regression were used in this study. The first one has only considered the effect of the control variables on CSR disclosure while the second model integrates both the independent and control variables. The reason behind this is to find out the level of variation which is only caused by the CG elements in CSR disclosure. The control variables were taken to be all other factors which could affect the level CSR disclosure. In order to see if the model was appropriate several tests underlying the regression model namely normality, linearity, and multicollinearity were carried out (Roshima Said, Yuserrie Hj Zainuddin and Hasnah Haron). In testing the model, it is involved two fold that are testing the individual independent variables and testing the overall relationship after model estimation (Hair et al., 1998). The regression model is as follows: Model1: CSD= ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²0 + ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²8ROA + ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²9TA + ÃÆ'ˆÃ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¡ Model 2: CSD = ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²0 + ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²1BD SIZE + ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²2NED + ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²3DUAL + ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²4AC + ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²5MGR + ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²6FRGN +ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²7ROE + ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²8ROA + ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²9TA + ÃÆ'ˆÃ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¡ Where CSD= CSR disclosure index: ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²1BD SIZE : board size. ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²2NED : Percentage of non-executive directors to total directors. ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²3DUAL : CEO duality. ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²4AC : Proportion of non-executive directors to total of directors that sit in audit Committee ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²5MGR : Managerial ownership. ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²6FRGN : Foreign ownership. ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²7ROE : Return on equity (proxy for profitability). ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²8ROA : ROA (proxy for profitability). ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²9TA : TA (proxy for size). : Error term

Boy in the Striped Pyjamas Essay - 771 Words

John Boyne has created a sophisticated and meaningful novel in The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas through his thematic analysis of power which explores society’s perception of authority; his symbolic representation of the fence which starkly exposes Bruno’s ignorance of cultural divisions; and ï ¬ nally, his characterisation of Mother revealing the fraught atmosphere during the Holocaust. The theme of power is explored in this novel through authoritative ï ¬ gures and their presentation in society.The character of Father displays his newfound sovereignty with ostentatiousness, and Bruno observes this closely. He notes how Father’s actions often lead to an instantaneous response, stating, â€Å"Father held a hand in the air, which immediately†¦show more content†¦His innocence is so innate that he remarks to Gretel, â€Å"I don’t understand why we’re not allowed on the other side of it. What’s so wrong with us that we can’t go over there and play?† Bruno’s innocent perspective contrasts with the cruelty occurring, questioning its value in a time when it was widely accepted. Just as Bruno does not see the fence as a reason for segregation, so too are readers inspired to eradicate the fences of prejudice wherever they exist in society today. The reï ¬â€šection this calls readers to undertake produces a profundity and sophistication in the novel. The language used to convey Bruno’s misunderstanding of the fence’s symbolism is simplistic. This literary technique, employed by Boyne, assists in portraying the naivety of Bruno. Bruno’s enquiry of â€Å"What’s so wrong with us that we can’t go over there and play?† demonstrates how his juvenility shapes his view of the world, and allows his friendship with Shmuel to ï ¬â€šourish despite their division. Shmuel’s concession that â€Å"they were all exactly the same really† illustrates this fact. The boys’ exemplar of friendship provided by their childish perspective encourages the audience to accept everyone, contributing to the insightfulness of the book; and in this way, its meaning and sophistication. The characterisation of MotherShow MoreRelatedThe Boy in Striped Pyjamas1080 Words   |  5 Pagesliterature about the Holocaust. Hitler and his struggle for power and dominance are infamous. Novels and films set in World War II often examine the issues of power in terms of race, age, gender and social class. One such novel is The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas by John Boyne. An Irish novelist, Boyne is acutely aware of the issues of power and dominance as he grew up during the time of The Troubles between the Protestants and Catholics in Northern Ireland. 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Great Depression and Technology Free Essays

As Albert Einstein once said â€Å"It has become appallingly obvious that our technology has exceeded our humanity. † Throughout the years our technology has become more and more advanced, creating more and more inventions. Modern technology has been created to fulfill every human’s needs. We will write a custom essay sample on Great Depression and Technology or any similar topic only for you Order Now With such great advancements it has become convenient for our society to turn to technology for all our questions. We have not realized that day by day technology is taking over us. Many like to argue that it is not true, but if you were to take away every possible form of technology away from them, it would make living for them very difficult. Now a day, technology has played such an important role in our lives that it seems almost impossible for many of us to live without it. Being said, modern technology has produced more inconveniences than conveniences. To begin, with technology constantly advancing, many have become very reliant on it, making technology almost a necessity to a person’s everyday life. Almost everyone owns a car, a computer/laptop, a cell phone, and even higher advanced technology. Everywhere you go, people are either talking on their phone or texting, However, with so much technology being provided to us, it has made us profoundly lazy and too dependent on technology not allowing us to think for ourselves. So not only has modern technology made us lazy but also unintelligent. â€Å"Who can remember the days when you had to go to the library to do research for a research paper, had to pick up the morning newspaper to get the latest news, or had to buy a stamp and put a check in an envelope to pay a bill? In the last 50 years technology has undergone an amazing transformation. But with the emergence of the Internet, is our ability to access technology on a daily basis a good thing or a bad thing? † (Bradley). Bradley clearly states that we no longer do simple tasks on our own; we rely on technology to do them for us. We now use Google or other search engines to look up questions, turn on a televisions to see what is going on around us, and take a picture of a bill on our cell phones to pay it. â€Å"In another 50 years will we still be considered a lazy society? (Bradley). Furthermore, â€Å"Although the proliferation of communications technology has made it easier than to ever to have a conversation with or write a letter to another person, it has also rendered us more isolated. Computers have significantly reduced the amount of face-to-face interaction people once enjoyed. In place of the richness of human contact, many now settle for the comparatively pale pleasures of comp uter social networking† (Wolfe). With social medias like Facebook, MySpace, and Twitter, communicating with one another has become easier than ever. But this may not always be a good thing. People can easily create fake profiles and pretend to be a young man or woman when they can be a crazed rapist or murderer. Not only that but with so many social networks, cyber bullying has increased drastically. People can put whatever they want on the internet which can lower a person’s self-esteem causing for them to want to kill themselves. Also, since we communicate so much over social media, it can affect our writing skills. Many people who chat online do not use proper vocabulary. For example, instead of writing okay, they abbreviate it writing OK. This causes us to begin writing in slang when we write papers for school. As a society we should learn face-to-face communication instead of over the internet. As final point, with new advanced machines being created and the machines being capable to do almost anything, there has been an increase in job elimination. Some of these jobs would include those of farm workers and factory workers. â€Å"A technology revolution is fast replacing human beings with machines in virtually every sector and industry in the global economy. Already, millions of workers have been permanently eliminated from the economic process, and whole work categories and job assignments have shrunk, been restructured, or disappeared. Global unemployment has now reached its highest level since the great depression of the 1930s. More than 800 million human beings are now unemployed or underemployed in the world. That figure is likely to rise sharply between now and the turn of the century as millions of new entrants into the workforce find themselves without jobs† (Rifkin). With modern technology taking over the jobs of farm workers, factory workers, etc, people are left jobless. And living in this economy has made it very difficult for people to find new jobs. Like Rotman said, â€Å"Rapid technological change has been destroying jobs faster than it is creating them. † With technology constantly evolving day by day our society has to be more careful than ever to not let it take over us. Although for many of us it may already have. How to cite Great Depression and Technology, Papers

Altruism and Knowledge Sharing free essay sample

Our thoughts are that in a perfect business world prescribed altruism could possibly be promoted to individual team members to help them feel free to share knowledge without the stigma of losing the competitive edge, but rather, to selflessly help coworkers, a team, or the overall organization to be as successful as possible. With that, we will explain in more detail how we feel that altruism can help and may even be contagious in the modern day bureaucracy that is the work place. From burger joints to engineering firms, the selfless sharing of process information can better any group or business willing to coach altruism into their organization from the ground, up. Altruism is defined as an unselfish regard for or devotion to the welfare of others, as well as â€Å"benefiting another as an end in itself† (Batson, Lange, Ahmad, and Lishner, 2007,p. 241). Altruism results in an improved affect of the helper, higher levels of trust and moral awareness, increased collaboration, and a deeper sense of â€Å"we-ness† or collectivism (Batson, et al. We will write a custom essay sample on Altruism and Knowledge Sharing or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 2007) – all outcomes that organizations are seeking today. Knowledge sharing is an activity through which knowledge (i. e. , information, skills, or expertise) is exchanged among people, friends, families, communities or organizations. (Wikipedia, 2013) In an office environment this could be considered cross-training or on a simpler level just assisting your coworkers and making your company more productive and successful. So how can we successfully introduce altruism into the work environment? Here is what we propose; first organizations can orient employees to the positive effects of altruism by encouraging them to empathize with others and by providing individuals with developmental activities that help them understand the perspectives and needs of others. In other words, the organization needs to create and implement actives that involve team building exercises. We believe that creating positive relationships and trust amongst employees will help eliminate the need for knowledge hoarding. Individuals are more likely to share information with someone they can trust or feel close to. Second, is for leaders to work with employees to create a code of conduct and establish organizational norms of behavior. To reinforce desired conduct, team leaders should provide examples of caring exemplars from the organization’s history or from society. This step would leave individuals with a â€Å"warm and fuzzy† that they helped create rules for the organization giving them a sense of pride, therefore, making these rules and codes easier to understand and follow. This also, again creates a sense of unity causing the employees to bond, creating empathy towards one another. Lastly, organizations that encourage employee involvement in community organizations, and promote mutual understanding within the organization stand a much greater chance of creating a positive, empathetic environment. Creating activities, teaching empathy and encouraging involvement with community organizations are all ways that we can train our employees to assist our organizations to become more successful. But what does this entire concept have to do with knowledge sharing? The reason individuals choose not to share information could be because they are fearful of their completion. We all know that in order to reach the top we need to stand out from the rest. What better way than to know more than your competition? We feel that in order to eliminate this â€Å"fear† we need to establish relationships and trust amongst the organizations’ employees. Once these bonds and trusts have been establish it will decrease the need for so much competition. Allowing for the comport of sharing knowledge with other for the sake of the company’s success allowing all the individuals on the team to succeeded as well. If we introduce developmental activities, team building exercises, team created codes of conduct and try to create a stronger sense of unity in team environments, our working teams will have a better understanding of one another and genuinely care for each others success. If this behavior exists in an everyday work structure we strongly believe that knowledge hoarding could be a thing of the past. That the fear of competition will no longer be a threat but a reminder that all good leaders must have the confidence that they contributed to the entire success of the team and not just the individual. Introducing altruism (an unselfish regard for or devotion to the welfare of others) could be the new coaching technique or the new business class taught in colleges. If we want our corporations to run more successfully, then why not introduce a program that teaches leaders and employees these qualities? References Byfield, R. (2013, May 13). Altruism Boosts Well-being. Retrieved from http://www. theepochtimes. com/n3/53987-altruism-boosts-well-being/ merriam-webster. (n. d. ). Retrieved from http://www. merriam-webster. com/dictionary/altruism Wikipedia. (2013, May 06). Retrieved from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Knowledge_sharing

Domain Modelling Analysis and Design

Question: Discuss about the Domain Modelling for Analysis and Design. Answer: Domain Modelling Domain classes and attributes Class Attributes Client clientID PK cName, cAddress, cContaacPhoneNo, contactEmail Car_Loan vehicleID. clientID PK loanDate, returnDate Vehicle vehicle PK make, model, regNo Service_History serviceID, vehicleID PK serviceDate, odometerReading Service serviceID PK serviceDescription ServiceMechanic serviceID, mechanicID, vehicleID PK Mechanic mechanicID PK supervisorID Staff staffID - PK It is the base class for mechanic sub-class MechanicQualification mechanicID, qualificationID PK Qualification qualificationID PK PurchaseManager Sub-class of Staff base class FinanceManager Sub-class of Staff base class MarketingManager Sub-class of Staff base class Reminder reminderID PK description, generatedOn Bill billID PK generatedOn, status, paidOn Inventory inventoryID PK updatedOn Part partID PK partName, minQuantity, supplierID Supplier supplierID - PK businessContactNo Domain Model Class Diagram Description: By default the value of status is No. A client can make many loans for a particular car and a single car can be booked by many clients at different points of time. If a loan is cancelled then the car becomes available for other bookings. A vehicle can have many service histories and a service can be given to many vehicles. A service can include one to many mechanics. A mechanic is a sub-class of staff of the company. A mechanic can have one to many qualifications. Purchasing manager, finance manager and marketing manager are sub-classes of staff class. All mechanics have one and only one supervisor. Purchasing manager can manage one to many inventory and finance manager looks after various bills and invoices. State Machine Diagram Following state machine diagram is the object of CAR_LOAN class where the status of LOAN in its stated from open to yes: References George, J. (2004).Object-oriented systems analyanalysis and designsis and design. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Prentice Hall. Hoffer, J., George, J., Valacich, J. (1999).Modern systems analysis and design. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley. In Adibi, S. (2015).Mobile health: A technology road map Marshall, G. (1985).Systems analysis and design. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.

How to Write a Sample Essay For College

How to Write a Sample Essay For CollegeA sample essay for college is your best friend. By using a sample essay, you can test your own writing skills and therefore find out if you're ready to write an essay for college. Moreover, you can also find out if there are any things that you need to improve on or add more information on.To begin with, you have to choose the best way to use the sample essay for college. There are several ways to do this. It could be either write a short outline and then follow it, or use an outline for each section.Another way to write a writing sample essay is to add a paragraph to the end of the original one. This would be very helpful for you as you will be able to give additional information about what you meant by your statement. Also, you should make sure that you spell out all the words in the English language to make sure that the writing is perfectly correct.In order to avoid these grammar mistakes, you can read a tutorial. These tutorials have been p roven effective when it comes to helping you understand how to write a proper essay for college.Make sure that you read the essay and try to reflect on your thoughts and feelings. This will help you put all the information about the essay together and you will be able to form the whole essay.This can be very difficult because your high school essay was completed from scratch. It would be quite difficult for you to put together your own essay but, with the help of a sample essay, you can finish the task in a relatively short period of time.Finally, you can also write about your personal experiences during the time that you were going to school. This can be a great way to communicate your feelings and thoughts without putting the entire essay into words. These kinds of essays for college are good for college freshmen who haven't had much experience writing essays.

The Mining Sector of Australia New Taxation Arrangements

Introduction It is a long established fact that the extraction of nonrenewable natural resources is the major source of government revenue in many countries. Based on the relationship between the government and extraction companies, there are various legal and economic approaches that can be used to maintain equity in this relationship.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Mining Sector of Australia: New Taxation Arrangements specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For example, the company may be given ownership of the resource through purchase or lease, or may obtain a license permitting the exploitation of the resource (Lund 2008). Regardless of the approach used the extract should be subjected to some form of taxation in order to generate revenue from exploitation. Within Australia the mining sector has long played a vital role in the development of the nation. Through political stability and regulatory arrangements t he nation has managed to capitalize on mineral demand in partnership with experts in mining from other countries (Novak Moran 2011). Based on this trend it was long believed that benefits accrued from mining activities would flow into the future. However, recent trends prompted by a commonwealth budget deficit driven by a largely unproductive fiscal stimulus have led to the laying aside of such beliefs and the initiation of new taxation arrangements for miners (Novak Moran 2011). The basis for this new legislation is built upon the idea of extracting a fairer share of revenue from mining in comparison to other sectors of the Australian economy. The government suggests that this policy will play a role in the reduction of divergence in economic growth between resource rich and non resource rich regions of the country (OECD 2008). The introduction of this new tax has generated significant debate about the merits of taxing economic success and policy issues related specifically to th e mining industry (Novak Moran 2011). It is necessary to thus analyze how this tax will affect the industry due to the fact that mining makes a major contribution to the Australian economy. In this report a review of literature on the subject will be used to make the analysis. Literature Review In review of literature it has been observed based on reports that in 2010-11 mining related activity accounted for almost 9 percent of the GDP compared to 5 percent a decade ago (Novak Moran 2011). This current contribution to the economy is comparable to the resource boom periods of the early 1900’s and 1980’s.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The relative importance of the mining industry in relation to national output is also reflected in the significant increase in actual capital investments that have been made in the mining sector (Novak Moran 2011). In relation to this fact data indicates that in 2010-11 mining investment contributed to 40% of total private investments compared to 12% a decade earlier (Novak Moran 2011). The increased contribution to the GDP comes at a time when there has been a general decline in productivity despite improved performance. There are a number of arguments that have been made in relation to this reduction in productivity including, long lead time between investment in new mining capacity and output, logistic difficulties associated with extraction, labor market, regulations and quality of infrastructure (Novak Moran 2011). Whilst this reduced productivity remains a matter of concern it is believed that once existing projects reach their full production capacity there will be a reversal in trends related to productivity. It should be noted that while the mining sector makes major contribution to the Australian economy, the mining sector bears the highest tax rate after accounting for state and territorial r oyalty payments (Novak Moran 2011). It has been suggested that the increase in levels of taxation within the mining industry may diminish incentive to invest in Australia. This notion is worth giving consideration given the fact that Australia receives 13% of the global mining exploration share. It is reported that the country comes only after Canada in terms of the amount of global funds invested to perform exploration activities for mineral resources (Novak Moran 2011). This move has the potential to send potential investors in search of more fiscally hospitable venues. In addition to that it has been noted that excessive taxation in any country with substantial resources will distort world development causing a reduction in international income levels (Novak Moran 2011).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Mining Sector of Australia: New Taxation Arrangements specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Diversion of a ctivity to other locations thus can be particularly detrimental to Australia given the large amount of minerals available. This position suggests a need to reconsider the tax in order to prevent any adverse outcome based on the implementation of the legislation. In another review of literature on newly implemented Minerals Resource Rent Tax (MRRT), it has been mentioned that the current global economic climate is not very favorable. This is based on trends that indicate Europe and the US are yet to fully recover from the 2007 economic crisis (Garnaut 2010). The poor global economic environment raises important questions on whether contemporary governments of democratic capitalist countries have the capacity to implement policies in public interest that are contested by powerful private interests (Garnaut 2010). It has been reported that governments in capitalist economies face constant challenges posed by citizens and lobby groups. The response to these challenges in relation climat e change will play a major role in determining prospects for these countries (Garnaut 2010). Current statistics indicate that Australia is faring better than other rich countries after the Great Crash. It has been suggested that this has been assisted by rapid growth in large Asian developing countries (Garnaut 2010). However, some reports indicate that the main reason for this position is the improved policy making processes in the past couple decades. This improved policy making approach is based on the increased interest in reform focused on national interest as opposed to private interests. However, the implementation of the Minerals Resource Rent Tax (MRRT) appears to have reverted Australian political culture back to one which responds to pressure from vested sectional interests (Garnaut 2010). Therefore, the implementation of this tax has been seen to draw powerful negative response from businesses involved in the resources sector. This policy appears to indicate that the Aus tralian government has taken a preference for propositions that show greater potential with regard to national interest at the expense of private interests that provide significant revenue (Garnaut 2010).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This is based on the position that any system of taxation is expected to be as far as possible neutral. The ideal of neutrality suggests that in the absence of suitable justification, the tax should not alter decisions on investment, production or trade (Garnaut 2010). This quest for neutrality is not meant to exclude use of special taxes to correct externalities. Thus, neutral taxation allows efficient allocation of resources after private participants have taken constraints of externalities into account (Garnaut 2010). Since minerals lie under immobile tracts of land the relationship and identification of rent is clear and practical. The choice to use MRRT was based on the fact that rent based taxation imposes lower economic costs and provides proper representation of resources than other forms of taxation (Garnaut 2010). However, it has been noted that the imposition of such a tax may have major impact on new exploration activity in Australia. This suggests that imposition of suc h a tax may have an impact on the currently large amount of exploration activity within Australia. The above position is also reiterated in another article on the issue of Resource Rent Taxation by the same author (Garnaut 2010, p. 349). In this article title Principles and Practice of Resource Rent Taxation, the author describes various issues that relate to the MRRT. The author mentions that it is a fact that the more taxation can be focused on economic rent, the lower the economic burden of taxation (Garnaut 2010, p. 349). In this article the author mentions that in cases when opportunity to impose rent tax arise it is important to be careful that the rent is not economists refer to as Quasi Rent. These quasi rents are payments that in the long term provide incentive to maintain an economically valuable resource allocation (Garnaut 2010, p. 349). In relation to mining it has been mentioned that the total return received from natural resources must include some return for explorat ion activities. Such returns can be termed to be the quasi rent of exploration. Because of this a current mine will continue to operate despite taxation which limits its ability to cover exploration costs. However, on the contrary new exploration will be affected. This is because this form of taxation will diminish the incentive for new mine development (Garnaut 2010, p. 349). This article provides support for the argument that the MRRT will most likely reduce the exploration activity in Australia. The subject of the MRRT has caused some controversy within the mining sector and there is a need to address the situation to mitigate possible consequences of the action. In attempts to achieve this, the report identified an article discussing theoretical perspectives on resource tax design. The report states that natural resources are a large portion of wealth in many countries. Based on this position the approach used in managing their revenue potential can play a major role in a nation ’s prosperity and economic development (Boadway Keen 2008). It has been mentioned that the period between discovery and exploitation of natural resources can be long and may involve expenditure of hundreds of millions of dollars (Boadway Keen 2008). In addition to that it has been noted that significant expenditure is made prior to the generation of any cash flow. Such expenditure is considered sunk costs and cannot be recovered. Due to this position the imposition of rents should always give adequate consideration so that these rents do not distort decisions within the sector (Boadway Keen 2008). The possibility of distorting decisions within an industry suggests that there is an urgent need to address approach by which taxation should be implemented. The issue then becomes identification of features that prevent the application of taxation at 100 or close to 100 percent. This brings to the fore the need of distinguishing rents from quasi rents (Boadway keen 2008). It is believed that if this is done the quasi rents should be taxed less heavily so that there is little effect on decisions to undertake new exploration activity. It has been suggested that one approach that maybe used in solving the problem posed by MRRT is the use of Production Sharing Agreements (PSA’s). It has been reported that such agreements are commonly used within the oil and gas industry (Boadway Keen 2008). Under this approach the government will share the profit from the resource after consideration and accounting for the production cost of the resource. This approach also allows for other measures to be put in place such as limits on the recovery cost to ensure the initial investment costs of the contractor are satisfied (Boadway Keen 2008). Another alternative is for the government to take direct ownership in resource based activities especially during the early stages of the venture. This approach can be handled in a number of ways which include the government re ceiving a short fully paid share of equity on commercial terms (Boadway Keen 2008). This approach to management of resources bears the advantage that it will mitigate the political risk involved given that the government has a stake in the arrangement. It may also play a role in reducing the effect of tax avoidance schemes. However, attempts at such arrangements have also revealed the downside of having state companies acting as fiscal agents (Boadway keen 2008). Another approach that has been suggested in the management of natural resources that may have varied results when compared to MRRT is the use of auctions (Boadway Keen 2008). These auctions can be successfully used to allocate rights to exploit resources and generate revenues for the government. To implement this approach simple rationing schemes may be used to allocate stakes on geographical areas. Though there is a high risk involved the owners can maximize profits once successful exploration is complete by charging re nts (Boadway Keen 2008). In relation to auctions the use of simple rationing may not be effective in making the prospects attractive to large producers. Thus it has been suggested that a more suitable approach may be to use technically supported applications (Boadway Keen 2008). It is believed that this approach can generate more revenue provided governments are well informed on how to choose among applicants. It is also crucial that these governments are free from the effects of capture, political influence and corruption for the process to succeed (Boadway Keen 2008). Using auctions provides the explicit advantage of selecting producers while generating revenue. There are several taxation approaches that can be used to levy tax on resources. However, consideration must be given to the average effective tax rate and the marginal effective tax rates. The main reason for this is to ensure that the rent tax imposed takes into consideration the distortion aspects caused by rent tax. This mode of taxation with some degree of sensitivity to underlying profitability issues may help in easing the pressure associated with such taxation. Throughout the review of literature one consistent notion has been that MRRT my influence new exploration in Australia. For this reason there is a need to look into investment activity in the region. In this regard it is reported that global resource investment is driven by the need for resources in rapidly growing Chinese and Indian markets (Drysdale Findlay 2008). These economies have in recent years emerged to become major player in overseas investment and development. For this reason China and India have the potential to provide opportunity on a scale that already dwarfs established markets in Japan and the rest of Asia. Australia has one of the most efficient mining sectors globally due t its openness in foreign investor competition and participation (Drysdale Findlay 2008). Though still in early stages of industrialization b oth India and China are sources of substantial international capital. This makes both active candidates for growing investment in the Australian resource industry. In the past few decades Australia and most developed countries have made efforts to convince voters that private sector and not government should take the lead in business management (Drysdale Findlay 2008). It has been observed that Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) plays a major role within the Australian resources sector. Based on statistics from 2006, it was mentioned that mining sector accounts for almost a quarter of the national foreign direct investment. This data suggests that mining produced accumulated stock of foreign investment amounting to almost AUD 77 billion (Drysdale Findlay 2008). In the same year the FDI in manufacturing was AUD 59 billion while FDI in services was AUD 164 billion (Drysdale Findlay 2008). The main reason for the ability to attract FDI is the confidence in the Australian investment env ironment. In addition to the above data it has also been reported that FDI accounts for over half the capital formation in all industries in Australia. In sectors such as mining in 2006, FDI accounted for half the capital formation and in some years forms an even higher proportion (Drysdale Findlay 2008). This fact is further complicated by data that indicates China is already Australia’s most significant trading partner (Drysdale Findlay 2008). It has been suggested that the trade relationship with China stands to become the most significant economic relationship in Australia. Despite the large FDI contribution by China there has been increased uncertainty about the treatment of Chinese FDI in the resources sector (Drysdale Findlay 2008). Due to this uncertainty it has been mentioned that rent tax has the potential to damage future growth in resources sector and interrupt Australia’s participation in Chinese economic growth. To dispel such uncertainty it has been s uggested that Australia reassert the market framework to allow for all foreign investment proposals to be examined in Australia (Drysdale Findlay 2008). In addition to that it has been suggested government to government initiation arrangements are made for routine consultation on issues of competition, corporate governance and financial transparency issues. The management of natural resources is a major issue given that they make a significant contribution to revenue in most nations (Perrings Vincent 2003). It has been observed that in recent time’s economic growth has seen half the world’s population double their income every decade (Torvik 2009). It has also been noted that countries that report the most growth had relatively little natural resources and many people. This has led to a sharp increase in prices or resources in comparison to industrial goods (Torvik 2009). In countries with properly established mechanisms to manage property rights and little corruptio n it has been observed that natural resources may contribute to growth (Torvik 2009). This situation informs on the role of institutional quality in terms of profits generated from natural resources. Another observation that plays a role in revenue generated from natural resources can be attributed to the role of parliament in democracies. It has been suggested that natural resources tend to benefit the country more when a parliamentary system is dominant within a nation (Torvik 2009). Proper management of natural resources is crucial given that the availability of resources has been known to feed corruption and affect quality of institutions (Bhattacharyya Hodler 2009). In studies on the role of institutions in management of natural resources it has been noted that resource rents can increase corruption and reduce quality of institutions (Bhattacharyya Hodler 2009). Analysis The suggestion to use MRRT comes in light of the failures associated with its predecessor the Resource Sup er Profit Tax (RSPT) (Ibp USA 2005). Controversy regarding use of RSPT began sometime in 2010 and ended with the eventual downfall of the then Australian Prime Minister Kevin Rudd (Ibp USA 2005). The response to the RSPT controversy created supporter and opposition groups composed of various stakeholders. The supporters included the Federal government, Australian Council of Trade Unions, Mining Unions and The Australian Greens. The opposition included the mining industry and mining lobby groups. In light of this controversy and resultant issues a proposal to utilize a different approach (MRRT) emerged. In designing an appropriate structure for resource rent there are three primary elements to consider namely, specified rate of return for imposition of the tax, specified tax rates imposed on net profits and the tax base (Daniel, Keen McPherson 2010). This form of taxation is widely used in the Petroleum industry and has been considered fairly effective in management of natural resou rces. Based on analysis of data from the petroleum industry it has been mentioned that resources rent provide ability to tie taxation directly to the projects profitability (Tordo 2007). In its pure form all taxes are deferred until all expenditure has been recovered and the project has yielded a defined target (Tordo 2007). If this approach is used in the Australian case it is likely to reduce the potential impact on exploration activity. One shortcoming of MRRT is that potential gains may be reduced by some of its characteristics. The first issue is due to the fact that the proposed tax has been set at a relatively low level and thus the taxation of profits of mining companies may remain much lower than prior to the mining boom (OECD 2010). In addition to that the efficiency gains promised by the MRRT are likely to be reduced by its coverage of only larger firms and certain sectors (OECD 2010). This suggests that for maximum efficiency the tax should be imposed on all sectors in t he resources industry. The suggestion to impose the tax on mining projects of coal and iron ore suggests that the imposition of MRRT is likely to distort investment incentives in mining projects involving coal and iron ore (OECD 2010). This is further complicated due to the fact that mining ventures will remain subject to royalties which provide a large disincentive for marginal projects such as exploration (OECD 2010). To mitigate this condition it has been suggested that royalties should be replaced entirely by a well designed Resource Rent Tax. This approach is believed to have the potential to simplify the tax system and remove state incentives to increase royalties with counterproductive effects. Despite the significant commotion that the imposition of MRRT has caused it should be noted that the increased revenues from resources are aimed at financing a number of novel schemes (OECD 2010). It has been reported that with these funds authorities plan to make gradual increments to the compulsory pension contribution rate (OECD 2010). This action is meant to improve equity of the tax treatment of retirement savings for the currently disadvantaged low income earners in the country. It has been proposed that an increase of between 9 and 12% this contribution between the years 2009-20 (OECD 2010). These funds have also been earmarked for infrastructure financing. In line with this the government aims to establish the new Regional Infrastructure Fund whose assets are expected to reach AUD 6 billion in the next decade (OECD 2010). The goal to improve infrastructure is of special importance given that Australia experiences a shortfall in infrastructure (OECD 2010). This shortage of infrastructure could worsen due to demand pressures exerted by the mining boom currently being experienced in the country. In response to this demand and for the avoidance of potential bottlenecks, authorities have placed bolstering infrastructure at the top of their policy agenda (OECD 2010). The increased expenditure on infrastructure has the ability of creating significant benefit given that this type of reform has a tendency of influencing both public and private investment choices (OECD 2010). The imposition of the MRRT on the resource industry in Australia has varying implications for the sector. It has been mentioned that Resource Taxation has the potential to distort and inhibit investment and production within the sector at four different margins (Garnaut 2010). These include the ability to constrain investment in exploration, investment in new mines, investment in expansion of old mines and production from each mine (Garnaut 2010). It should be noted that distortion is not restricted to MRRT alone because specific and ad valorem royalties are also likely to have an effect on inhibition of investment in exploration. Such royalties have a minimal effect on investment in new mine development and even less effect on expansion of existing mines (Garnaut 2010). Based on this position it appears that MRRT will have some effect on the mentioned areas. Another problem with the MRRT is that it raises questions on the Federal-State relationship which have the potential to destabilize access to the resources. It is important that these issues are resolved alongside settling of the structure for resources taxation and it is not an easy task (Garnaut 2010). This is because of the issue in relationship to ownership of mined resources. Whereas treasury suggests Australian resources belong to all Australians, state officials argue resources belong to the people in the state where they are mined (Fenna 2012). The issue of Federal-State relationship comes into play based on the fact that responsibility for mineral leasing is handled by the State. On the other hand, the Commonwealth has constitutional authority for corporate taxation which by dint of interpretation suggests over riding authority on fiscal matters (Garnaut 2010). The apparent uproar by State based authorities appears questionable due to their inability to introduce better means of resource taxation. In summary, it should be noted that the main advantage that comes with resource rent tax is its neutrality (Tordo 2007). However, the approach also comes with the disadvantage that tax can only be realized when defined rate of return or target payback is achieved (Vanoli 2005). The disadvantage can be avoided by using a suitable combination of royalty and/or corporate income tax (Smith 2012). This also appears a suitable solution to the issue of the Federal-State relationship in Australia (Warren 2012). The main difficulty with resource rent tax is determination of an effective target rate. This suggests a deeper understanding of the project and exogenous conditions. In this case it is suggested that the government liaise with stakeholders in the industry to determine a fair target rate (Warren 2012). Conclusion In this report the discussion has attempted to analyze th e move to change the approach used to tax organizations involved in extraction of some natural resources in Australia. This is essential given that extraction of these nonrenewable natural resources makes significant contributions to government revenue in many countries (Lund 2008). The exploitation of natural resources has seen the evolution of various taxes to manage revenue from natural resources. In Australia, the mining sector has for a long time played a vital role in national development. The main reason that there has been steady growth in the natural resource extractions sector is due to the relative political stability and regulation arrangements (Novak Moran 2011). However, in light of changes in the commonwealth and an unproductive fiscal stimulus there was a need to identify mechanisms that could improve revenue generation. This position thus formed a basis to improve efficiency in the taxation of nonrenewable natural resources. It is hoped that such a policy (MRRT) wi ll help in reducing the divergence in growth between resource rich and non resource rich regions in Australia (Novak Moran 2011). It should be noted that the main advantage with the MRRT is based on its neutrality. Based on this characteristic the approach allows for maximum revenue generation. However, some have argued that the imposition of MRRT has the potential of influencing future investment decisions within the mining industry (Tordo 2007). This point is a matter of concern given that a large portion of expenditure in the mining sector comes from FDI. This suggests that unless the MRRT is adjusted appropriately it is likely to cause loss of revenue from potential exploration organizations. In addition to the potential to lose FDI, there is the issue of the Federal-State relationship. Despite these challenges it has been mentioned that if the effective target rate is properly calculated the risks associated with MRRT are likely to be minimal. For this reason it appears that f or the success of this new tax regime close partnership between government and stakeholders in mining is necessary. It is believed that with such considerations, the MRRT regime should be successful in Australia. References Bhattacharyya, S Hodler, R 2009, ‘Natural Resources, Democracy and Corruption’, OxCarre Research paper, No. 2009-20, pp 1-44. Boadway, R Keen, M 2008, ‘Theoretical Perspectives on Resource Tax Design’, Queen’s Economic Department Working Paper, No. 1206, pp. 1-70. Daniel, P, Keen, M McPherson, C 2010, The Taxation of Petroleum and Minerals: Principles, Problems and Practice, Routledge, Oxon. Drysdale, P Findlay, C 2008, ‘Chinese Foreign Direct Investment in Australia: Policy Issues for the Resource Sector’, Paper for Presentation at Crawford School Public Seminar, pp. 1-45. Fenna, A 2012, ‘The Character of Australian Federalism’, eJournal of Tax Research, vol. 10.1, p. 12-20. Garnaut, R 2010, ‘T he New Australian Resource Rent Tax’, University of Melbourne, pp. 1-21. Garnaut, R 2010, ‘Principles and Practice of Resource Rent Taxation’, The Australian economic Review, vol. 43.4, pp. 347-256. Ibp USA 2005, Australia Mineral and Mining sector Investment and Business Guide, International Business Publications, USA. Lund, D 2008, ‘Rent Taxation for non Renewable Resources’, The Annual Review of Resource Economics, vol. 9, pp. 1-43. Novak, J Moran, A 2011, ‘Submission to inquiry into the Mineral Resource Rent Tax Bill 2011 and related bills’, Institute of Public Affairs, pp. 1-29. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) 2008, OECD Economic Surveys: Australia 2008, OECD Publishing, Australia. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) 2010, OECD Economic Surveys: Australia 2010, OECD Publishing, Australia. Perrings, C Vincent J 2003, Natural Resource Accounting and economic Development: Theory a nd Practice, Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, Cheltenham, UK. Smith, G 2012, ‘The way forward on state tax reform: an AFTSR perspective’, eJournal of Tax Research, vol. 10.1, p. 126-137. Tordo, S 2007, Fiscal Systems for Hydrocarbons: Design Issues, World Bank Publications, Washington D.C. Torvik, R 2009, ‘Why do some resource-abundant countries succeed while other do not?’, Oxford Review of Economic Policy, vol. 25.2, pp. 241-256. Vanoli, A 2005, A History of National Accounting, IOS Press, Amsterdam. Warren, N 2012, ‘Fiscal Federalism under Review (at Speed)’, eJournal of Tax Research, vol. 10.1, p. 5-11. Warren, N 2012, ‘Fiscal equalization and State incentive for policy reform’, eJournal of Tax Research, vol. 10.1, p. 165-181. This essay on The Mining Sector of Australia: New Taxation Arrangements was written and submitted by user Trinity Osborne to help you with your own studies. 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